【英文标准名称】:StandardPracticeforDeterminingtheInclusionorSecond-PhaseConstituentContentofMetalsbyAutomaticImageAnalysis
【原文标准名称】:用自动图象分析法测定钢和其他金属杂质含量的规程
【标准号】:ASTME1245-2003(2008)
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:美国
【发布日期】:2003
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(US-ASTM)
【起草单位】:E04.14
【标准类型】:(Practice)
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:
【英文主题词】:exogenousinclusion;feature-specificmeasurements;fieldmeasurements;imageanalysis;inclusions;indigenousinclusions;lightmicroscopy;oxide;second-phaseparticles;statisticalanalysis;stereology;sulfide;Photomicrography;Second-phase
【摘要】:Thispracticeisusedtoassesstheindigenousinclusionsorsecond-phaseconstituentsofmetalsusingbasicstereologicalproceduresperformedbyautomaticimageanalyzers.Thispracticeisnotsuitableforassessingtheexogenousinclusionsinsteelsandothermetals.Becauseofthesporadic,unpredictablenatureofthedistributionofexogenousinclusions,othermethodsinvolvingcompleteinspection,forexample,ultrasonics,mustbeusedtolocatetheirpresence.Theexactnatureoftheexogenousmaterialcanthenbedeterminedbysectioningintothesuspectregionfollowedbyserial,step-wisegrindingtoexposetheexogenousmatterforidentificationandindividualmeasurement.Directsizemeasurementratherthanapplicationofstereologicalmethodsisemployed.Becausethecharacteristicsoftheindigenousinclusionpopulationvarywithinagivenlotofmaterialduetotheinfluenceofcompositionalfluctuations,solidificationconditionsandprocessing,thelotmustbesampledstatisticallytoassessitsinclusioncontent.Thelargestlotsampledistheheatlotbutsmallerlots,forexample,theproductofaningot,withintheheatmaybesampledasaseparatelot.Thesamplingofagivenlotmustbeadequateforthelotsizeandcharacteristics.Thepracticeissuitableforassessmentoftheindigenousinclusionsinanysteel(orothermetal)productregardlessofitssizeorshapeaslongasenoughdifferentfieldscanbemeasuredtoobtainreasonablestatisticalconfidenceinthedata.Becausethespecificsofthemanufactureoftheproductdoinfluencethemorphologicalcharacteristicsoftheinclusions,thereportshouldstatetherelevantmanufacturingdetails,thatis,dataregardingthedeformationhistoryoftheproduct.Tocomparetheinclusionmeasurementresultsfromdifferentlotsofthesameorsimilartypesofsteels,orothermetals,astandardsamplingschemeshouldbeadoptedsuchasdescribedinPracticeE45.Thetestmeasurementproceduresarebasedonthestatisticallyexactmathematicalrelationshipsofstereologyforplanarsurfacesthroughathree-dimensionalobjectexaminedusingreflectedlight(seeNote1).Theorientationofthesectioningplanerelativetothehot-workingaxisoftheproductwillinfluencetestresults.Ingeneral,alongitudinallyorientedtestspecimensurfaceisemployedinordertoassessthedegreeofelongationofthemalleable(thatis,deformable)inclusions.Oxideinclusionmeasurementsforcastmetals,orforwroughtsectionsthatarenotfullyconsolidated,maybebiasedbypartialorcompletedetectionoffineporosityormicroshrinkagecavitiesandarenotrecommended.Sulfidescanbediscriminatedfromsuchvoidsinmostinstancesandsuchmeasurementsmaybeperformed.Resultsofsuchmeasurementsmaybeusedtoqualifymaterialforshipmentaccordingtoagreeduponguidelinesbetweenpurchaserandmanufacturer,forcomparisonofdifferentmanufacturingprocessesorprocessvariations,ortoprovidedataforstructure-property-behaviorstudies.1.1Thispracticedescribesaprocedureforobtainingstereologicalmeasurementsthatdescribebasiccharacteristicsofthemorphologyofindigenousinclusionsinsteelsandothermetalsusingautomaticimageanalysis.Thepracticecanbeappliedtoprovidesuchdataforanydiscretesecondphase.Note18212;Stereologicalmeasurementmethodsareusedinthispracticetoassesstheaveragecharacteristicsofinclusionsorothersecond-phaseparticlesonalongitudinalplane-of-polish.Thisinformation,byitself,doesnotproduceathree-dimensionaldescriptionoftheseconstituentsinspaceasdeformationprocessescauserotationandalignmentoftheseconstituentsinapreferredmanner.Developmentofsuchinforma......
【中国标准分类号】:H26
【国际标准分类号】:77_040_99
【页数】:8P.;A4
【正文语种】:英语


【英文标准名称】:FireApparatusDriver/OperatorProfessionalQualifications
【原文标准名称】:灭火装置驱动器/操作员专业认证
【标准号】:ANSI/NFPA1002-2009
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:美国
【发布日期】:2009
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国国家标准学会(US-ANSI)
【起草单位】:ANSI
【标准类型】:()
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:能力;删除器;防火安全;消防;操作者
【英文主题词】:Competence;Erasingdevices;Firesafety;Firefighting;Operators
【摘要】:Thisstandardshallidentifytheminimumjobperformancerequirementsforfirefighterswhodriveandoperatefireapparatus,inbothemergencyandnonemergencysituations.
【中国标准分类号】:C80
【国际标准分类号】:13_220_01
【页数】:
【正文语种】:英语